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Glossary
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Addend
A number that is added to another.
Addition
An arithmetic operation where numbers are combined to get a total (sum).
Algebra
An area of mathematics where numbers are represented by letters to express general rules about number operations and relationships.
Angle
A figure formed by two rays that have a common endpoint.
Area
The number of square units needed to cover a surface.
Arithmetic
Calculation that includes addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Ballpark Estimate
A number that roughly approximates the total amount. When an amount is so large that it cannot be easily counted, a ballpark estimate is used.
Bar Graph
A graph where the lengths of bars represent numerical amounts. Information is compared by comparing the lengths.
Body Math
Describes a proportional relationship between one body part and another.
Budget
To plan for future expenses and control spending.
Circle
A closed curve in which all the points are the same distance from the center.
Circumference
The distance around a circle.
Code
A system of symbols, letters, numbers, or pictures that are used to send secret messages. If you know the code, you can create and read messages others cannot.
Combinations
Different ways of ordering items or events. For example, a nickel, a dime, and a quarter can be combined in six different ways.
Coordinates
The points on a grid are named by two numbers. The first number tells how far the point is left or right of zero. The second tells how far up or down the point is.
Counterexample
When you think of a rule that applies to all numbers, find just one example that doesn't work -- a counterexample -- and the rule is proven wrong.
Cube
A 3-D shape that has six square faces, all equal in size, eight corners (vertices), and 12 equal edges.
Cylinder
A 3-D shape with one curved surface and two circular faces of equal size that are parallel.
Data
A collection of information, which may include facts, numbers, or measurements, that is usually organized so you can analyze the information.
Data Analysis
The process of organizing data into graphs or charts and drawing conclusions based on patterns or other observations.
Data Clusters
When data is organized, areas where a lot of the data is located as compared to other areas. These 'data clusters' help interpret the data.
Data Collection
The process of gathering data, which can be done through observation, measurement, or questioning.
Decimals
Often a number that has a decimal point (.) separating a whole number from a fraction expressed in tenths, hundreds, thousandths, etc. For example, 2.1 (expressed "two point one") is 2 wholes plus 1 tenth.
Deductive Reasoning
A method of reasoning that starts with general principles and makes inferences about more specific things based on them.
Degree
A unit for measuring the size of angles. A degree is 1/360 of a circle. Protractors are often used to measure angles in degrees.
Denominator
The bottom number of a fraction that explains how many equal parts the whole is divided into.
Diagram
A sketch or drawing, which may have other information, such as measurements, to help you visualize the problem.
Diameter
A straight line passing through the center of a circle and touching both sides of the circle.
Digit
Any one of the symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.
Dimensions
A measure of the sides of a geometric figure -- for example, the length, width, and height of a shape.
Distance
The length between two points or objects.
Division
Sharing a quantity into equal-sized parts.
Doubling
Multiplying a number by 2. For example, double 9 means 9 x 2 or 18.
Elapsed Time
The amount of time that passes between the moment when an event starts and the moment when it ends.
Equal
When two things have the same value.
Equation
A mathematical sentence where the left side equals the right side.
Equivalent Fractions
Fractions that have the same value but are in different forms. For example, 1/4 and 2/8 look different but express the same amount.
Estimate
A number close to the exact amount.
Factors
Two whole numbers that when multiplied together give a product. Since 2 X 3 = 6, 2 and 3 are factors of 6.
Fraction
A way of showing an amount by giving the number of equal parts the whole is divided into and how many parts the amount contains.
Functions
A process in which each input follows the same rule to give an output.
Geometry
An area of mathematics dealing with size, shape, and position.
Guess and Check
An estimation strategy where you try a number you think will yield a result close to the actual value, check the result, and revise the number until you get as close as possible.
Height
The measured distance from the bottom to the top of something standing upright.
High/Low Estimate
When making an estimate, adjusting it a little higher or lower depending on the situation.
Integers
Positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero.
Inverse Operations
Opposite operations that undo each other. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations. Multiplication and division are inverse operations.
Length
The measured distance from one end to the other of the longer or longest side of something.
Line Graph
A graph that uses line segments to join points that represent data. Line graphs are often used to show change in data over time.
Liquid Volume
The amount of space a liquid takes up in a three-dimensional figure. It is measured in cubic units.
Logic
Method of finding the answer to a problem using mathematical reasoning.
Mixed Number
A number with a whole number part and a fraction part.
Model
Creating something that enables you to test various parts cheaply and safely.
Monetary Systems
A system where tokens of different fixed values are used in exchange for goods and services.
Multiplication
A mathematical operation where a number is added to itself a given number of times. See Repeated Addition.
Navigation
The process of using a map to find your way to a particular place.
Negative Numbers
Numbers less than zero.
Net
An arrangement of a two-dimensional shape (like a square) that can be folded to become the faces of a three-dimensional shape (like a cube).
Number Line
A diagram that represents numbers as points on a line.
Number Sense
Understanding of numbers and operations with numbers.
Numerator
The top number in a fraction that shows the number of parts in a share.
Parallelogram
A four-sided figure in which opposite sides are parallel.
Pattern
A sequence that follows a rule. Sometimes the pattern can be used to predict the next term in the sequence.
Percents
Numbers that mean "per hundred" or "out of 100." The symbol "%" means percent.
Perimeter
The distance around a figure.
Pie Graph
A graph where data is shown on a circle, with each pie-shaped section representing part of the whole.
Place Value
The value of a digit depending on its place in a number.
Predict
To make an informed guess about an expected outcome before an event takes place.
Probability
The chance that a particular outcome will occur. For example, if you roll a die with six numbered faces, the probability (chance) of rolling a four is one out of six, or one sixth.
Problem Solving
To find the solution to a problem using a strategy. Some strategies are to use a simpler problem, make a table or list, draw a picture, and work backward.
Pyramid
A solid shape with a polygon as a base and triangular faces that taper to a common point (vertex).
Quadrilateral
A polygon with four sides.
Radius
A segment connecting the center of a circle and a point on the circle.
Reasoning
Thinking that is mathematical and includes exploring ideas, developing plans, justifying results, and communicating ideas to others.
Repeated Addition
When a number is added to itself a certain number of times. See Multiplication.
Representation
Ways of showing mathematical thinking. Examples include diagrams, charts, graphs, equations, and symbols.
Right Angle
An angle that forms a square corner and has a measure of 90 degrees.
Sample
A representative portion of a whole set of individuals, usually chosen at random, that allows you to make statements about the entire group.
Size
A measure of how big or small something physically is.
Speed
A measure of distance traveled over time (d/t) given as a ratio (such as miles per hour).
Standard Unit of Measure
A quantity or amount that is the basis of measurement that everyone uses so that measures are the same.
Subtraction
An arithmetic operation in which you find the difference between two numbers.
Symmetry -- Line
When a mirror image of a figure exists on the opposite side of a line.
Symmetry -- Slide
When a figure is slid a certain direction and distance until it fits exactly on itself.
Symmetry -- Turn
When a figure is turned around a point to a spot where it fits exactly on itself.
Table
An arrangement of data into rows and columns.
Tally
To use marks or strokes to keep track of counting.
Tessellations
Tiling that covers a flat area without gaps or overlaps using combinations of shapes.
Three-Dimensional (3-D) Shapes
Solid shapes having length, width, and height.
Timekeeping
To keep track of or measure time.
Tree Diagram
A branching diagram that shows all possible outcomes. See Combinations.
Triangle
A three-sided polygon.
Two-Dimensional (2-D) Shapes
Flat shapes having only the two dimensions of length and width.
Variable
A letter or symbol that stands for one or more numbers.
Venn Diagram
A diagram that uses circles, sometimes overlapping, to show relationships among sets of things.
Whole Numbers
A sequence beginning with zero formed by continually adding one, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...
Width
The distance from side to side, measuring across an object at right angles to the length.
Zero
A number that shows that something has no magnitude or quantity.
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